基于胶质淋巴系统探讨“毒损脑络”

络脉是经脉系统的分支,具有沟通表里上下、联系脏腑的作用,在支持气血运行方面呈现双向流动的特性,具有物质交换和新陈代谢的功能。脑为诸阳之会,脑络纵横交错,脑络渗灌气血以充实脑髓并敷布阳气以温煦脑神,为"脑主神明"提供物质基础和源动力。病理情况下脑络不通,毒邪内生,而致"毒损脑络"。"毒损脑络"病机学说不仅应用于中风病机研究中,而且拓展到痴呆等其他脑病中,推动了中医脑病病机理论的发展。新近发现脑内存在"胶质淋巴系统",是星形胶质细胞介导的脑脊液-脑间质液的交换流动系统。胶质淋巴系统把脑脊液中的葡萄糖、脂质、电解质和载脂蛋白E等营养物质和神经活性物质运送到脑组织,也能清除脑内代谢产物(如乳酸)、可溶性蛋白(如β-淀粉样蛋白和Tau蛋白)和异物,这是维持脑内环境稳态的重要液体流动系统。胶质淋巴系统的发现为神经系统疾病病理机制的研究提供了新视角,可能成为脑血管疾病、神经退行性疾病等神经精神系统疾病干预的新靶点。作为脑内广泛分布的代谢废物排出途径和物质运送系统的胶质淋巴系统可能是"脑络"病变的生物学基础,是中西医对"毒损脑络"认识的交叉点,从胶质淋巴系统探析"毒损脑络",有可能为揭示"毒损脑络"的现代内涵提供新的靶点。     

药品审评检查机构质量管理体系建设实践探索

目的:贯彻国务院强化质量管理、落实全国药监部门完善自身质量管理体系工作部署,梳理山东省药品审评检查机构质量管理体系建设情况,总结经验、查找不足,加强审评检查质量管理。方法:调研药品审评检查机构导入质量管理体系的现实意义,剖析山东省药品审评检查机构质量管理体系建设的实践经验,思考存在的问题。结果:行之有效的质量管理体系对药品审评检查机构规范化建设和药品审评检查发展起到了积极的推动作用。结论:药品审评检查机构推进质量管理体系建设,对规范自身建设、提高工作质量、降低业务风险、服务医药产业发展具有重要作用,也是必然要求,药品审评检查机构质量管理体系需要持续改进,逐渐与国际接轨。     

光强对野菊生理生化特性的影响

通过分析光强对野菊生长及生理生化特性的影响,揭示适于野菊生长的光照强度,为野菊种植提供参考依据。分别在100%,80%,60%,40%,20%全自然光强水平下种植野菊,生长旺盛期测定野菊相关生长,光合色素含量、光合参数、荧光参数等光合生理及保护酶系统指标,采取透射电镜技术观察叶绿体超微结构。结果表明:野菊叶片在80%以上全自然光强下出现不同程度发黄现象,株高和茎粗在60%全自然光强达到最大值,60%以上全自然光强下野菊分枝数显著增加;光合色素含量和净光合速率均与光强负相关,光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数则随光强下降呈先上升后下降趋势,60%全自然光强下野菊气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量等生理指标均处于最高水平;60%~80%全自然光强下野菊叶绿体结构无明显异常,全自然光强下基质片层破碎,20%~40%全自然光强下叶绿体数量、淀粉粒数量与体积均明显降低;随光强下降,SOD与CAT活性呈下降趋势,POD活性呈先上升后下降趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势。综上,野菊在20%~100%全自然光强下均能生长,但在60%全自然光强下生长最佳。     

CBL联合PACS教学模式在本科生骨科临床带教中的应用

目的探索Case-based learning(CBL)联合PACS (Picture Achieving & Communication System)、影像存档与传输系统教学模式在本科生临床带教中的应用效果。方法选取广西中医药大学第一附属医院骨科接受临床带教的80名本科生,随机分为2组。试验组为结合PACS的CBL教学组;对照组为PBL(Problem-based learning)组,通过2组学生的客观考核成绩与主观效果评价,对比2种方法在“股骨粗隆间骨折”教学中的应用效果。结果与对照组相比,试验组在客观考核成绩及主观效果评价的多个指标中均优于对照组,二者差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论结合了PACS的CBL模式教学可有效提高临床带教的效率,提升临床带教效果,具有很好的推广潜力。     

Neural Correlates of Failed Inhibitory Control as an Early Marker of Disordered Eating in Adolescents

BackgroundBinge eating and other forms of disordered eating behavior (DEB) are associated with failed inhibitory control. This study investigated the neural correlates of failed inhibitory control as a potential biomarker for DEB.MethodsThe study used prospective longitudinal data from the European IMAGEN study adolescent cohort. Participants completed baseline assessments (questionnaires and a brain scan [functional magnetic resonance imaging]) at 14 years of age and a follow-up assessment (questionnaires) at 16 years of age. Self-reported binge eating and/or purging were used to indicate presence of DEB. Neural correlates of failed inhibition were assessed using the stop signal task. Participants were categorized as healthy control subjects (reported no DEB at both time points), maintainers (reported DEB at both time points), recoverers (reported DEB at baseline only), and developers (reported DEB at follow-up only). Forty-three individuals per group with complete scanning data were matched on gender, age, puberty, and intelligence (N = 172).ResultsAt baseline, despite similar task performance, incorrectly responding to stop signals (failed inhibitory control) was associated with greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the developers compared with healthy control subjects and recoverers.ConclusionsGreater recruitment of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions during failed inhibition accords with abnormal evaluation of errors contributing to DEB development. As this precedes symptom onset and is evident despite normal task performance, neural responses during failed inhibition may be a useful biomarker of vulnerability for DEB. This study highlights the potential value of prospective neuroimaging studies for identifying markers of illness before the emergence of behavior changes.     

Development and validation of a novel scoring system to predict severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants

ObjectiveWe sought to develop and validate a novel scoring system for the prediction of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (SIVH) in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).MethodsThis retrospective cohort multicenter study included 615 VLBWI born between 24 and 32 weeks gestational age (GA). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine which factors evaluated within the first 5 days of life were associated with SIVH and the weights of these variables. The accuracy of the predictive scoring system was prospectively tested in the same units.ResultsThe final SIVH scoring system included the following variables: antenatal steroid therapy, GA, birth weight (BW), 1-min Apgar score, mechanical ventilation and hypotension. The SIVH scores used to divide the subjects into three tiers (low-risk (<5), moderate-risk (5–8) and high-risk (>8)) were developed based on these variables. Of infants with a score below 5, 1.2% (4/339) developed SIVH. Of those with a score above 8, 42.5% (17/40) developed SIVH. The scores were successfully verified in 99 VLBWI.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that among infants with a score >8, the incidence of SIVH is significantly higher. This scoring system can be used to predict the incidence of SIVH during the first 5 days after birth and may contribute to the early intervention in and prevention of SIVH.     

Re-engineering the interpretation of electronic fetal monitoring to identify reversible risk for cerebral palsy: a case control series

Background: Even key opinion leaders now concede that electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) cannot reliably identify fetal acidemia which many vouch as the only labor mediated pathophysiologic precursor for cerebral palsy (CP). We have developed the “Fetal Reserve Index” – an algorithm combining five dynamic components of EFM (1. Rate, 2. Variability, 3. Accelerations, 4. Decelerations, and 5. Excessive uterine activity) considered individually that are combined with the presence of: 6. maternal, 7. obstetrical, and 8. fetal risk factors.

Objective: Here, we compare this 8-point fetal reserve index (FRI) against the performance of ACOG monograph criteria and ACOG Category systems for predicting risk for both CP and the need for emergency operative delivery (EOD). We then studied how varied management for screen positives (Red zone-defined below) impacts the outcome of such cases.

Study design: Four hundred twenty term patients were studied: all entered labor with normal EFMs and no apparent cause of harm except events of labor and delivery. Sixty subsequently developed CP, and 360 were apparently normal controls. An FRI, normal on all eight parameters scored 100%, 4 of the 8 was 50%, etc. We divided cases into Green zone >50%, Yellow 50–26%, and Red ≤25%. An FRI in the Red zone was considered a positive screen. We then compared performance metrics for the three evaluation schemes and differences between controls that reached Red against those controls whose worst scores were Green/Yellow.

Results: For detection of injury during labor, the FRI performed much better than the ACOG Category criteria (sensitivity 28%), and Category III (45%) (p?Conclusions: FRI shows better discrimination for adverse fetal outcome and EOD than traditional EFM interpretation. The Category system is a very poor, subjective screening method as the vast majority of CP babies never reach the “action point” result of Category III. While reaching the Red zone does not ordain a bad outcome, how it is managed, does. Compared to CP cases, Red controls were delivered faster, had higher FRIs, and often had prompt management including IR maneuvers, which improved the FRI and lowered the risk of EODs even for cases with normal outcomes. With further study and validation, the quantitative FRI approach may replace the current, very subjective interpretation with a quantitative “lab test” approach.     

肾上腺髓质素在呼吸系统相关性疾病中的研究进展

【摘要】 血浆肾上腺髓质素（ADM）是一种具有多种生物学活性的内源性肽，以自分泌、旁分泌和内分泌的方式发挥功能和作用，包括舒张血管、降低血压、扩张支气管平滑肌细胞、改善微循环、稳定血管内皮功能、调节肺动脉压、调节炎症及免疫功能、参与多种激素的分泌和调节等作用，因最初在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤组织中发现而得名。后来发现其在多种器官、组织均有表达，包括心、脑、肾、肿瘤组织等，尤其在内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞等表达含量较高，在人体肺组织中也广泛存在。目前许多研究已发现肾上腺髓质素可能参与某些肺部疾病的病理生理过程，包括社区获得性肺炎、支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、肺动脉高压、肺部肿瘤等疾病。本文就肾上腺髓质素在呼吸系统相关性疾病方面的研究进展作一综述。